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  1. August 29, 2026Revised August 30, 202619 min read
    EssayComputeAIPhysicsMaterialsEngineering

    Multiplication Without Transistors: An Audit of Photonic Matrix Processors as Accelerators for Large Language Model Training

    Matrix multiplication accounts for the overwhelming majority of arithmetic operations — and a dominant share of energy expenditure — in training large language models (LLMs). Photonic processors perform matrix–vector multiplication (MVM) as a passive consequence of light propaga…

    Oleksii Vergunenko